1.India’s Rapid AI Adoption & China’s Open-Source Dominance in Mary Meeker’s Global AI Report

 Introduction

Mary Meeker, renowned venture capitalist and dubbed the “Queen of the Internet,” has released her first trends report since 2019—a 340-page deep analysis titled “Trends — Artificial Intelligence.” The report highlights the unprecedented global transformation being driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), spotlighting the contrasting approaches of countries like India and China.

This report offers key insights for CLAT 2026 aspirants into tech policy, global digital governance, data security, ethics of AI, and India’s positioning in the global AI race—making it a hot topic in Current Affairs 2026 and Legal Reasoning.

Why It’s in the News

• Mary Meeker released her latest AI Trends Report on June 2, 2025.
• It highlights:
  • India’s large-scale AI adoption
  • China’s leadership in open-source AI model development
  • Divergence in AI philosophies: open vs closed models
  • Ongoing global concerns like bias, hallucination, and regulation lag

 Key Highlights from the Mary Meeker Report

1. India’s Rapid AI Adoption

• India has emerged as the second-largest user base for platforms like ChatGPT, surpassing countries like Germany and Japan.
• High smartphone penetration and low data costs contribute to mass adoption of AI apps like WhatsApp AI, Instagram AI, etc.
• India contributes:
  • 13.5% of ChatGPT mobile users globally.
  • 6.9% for China’s DeepSeek.
  • 3.3% of usage for Baidu’s Ernie model.
• India’s demographic dividend and digital infrastructure (like UPI, Jio network) are helping AI reach the grassroots population faster than most countries.

2. China’s Open Source Leadership

• China has released three major open-source AI models in 2025:
  • DeepSeek-R1
  • Alibaba Qwen-32B
  • Baidu Ernie 4.5
• This makes China the global leader in AI open-source model development as of Q2 2025.
• Chinese platforms are focusing on:
  • Greater research openness
  • Faster domestic deployment
  • Banning foreign models like ChatGPT and developing homegrown alternatives

3. Philosophical Divide: Open vs Closed AI Models

• Closed models are heavily funded, trained on massive proprietary datasets, and monetized via subscriptions.
• Open models are cheaper, accessible, and favored by developers and researchers, especially in low-budget countries.

4.Cautions & Challenges

Mary Meeker’s report also flags several critical concerns:

• Hallucination: AI generating false or misleading information.
• Bias & Discrimination: Algorithms inheriting societal biases.
• Regulatory Delay: Legal frameworks not keeping up with innovation.
• Low Monetization: Despite massive usage, average revenue per user is still as low as $2–3.

 Explanation of Key Terms for CLAT 2026

 India and the Legal-Ethical Landscape of AI

For CLAT aspirants, the report raises several legal and ethical questions:

• Does India have a regulatory framework for AI?
  • As of 2025, India is in the process of developing its AI Ethics and Regulation Bill.
• Is AI content legally valid?
  • Not unless verified by humans, as AI lacks “mens rea” (guilty mind) or “intent” in legal terms.
• What about data privacy and bias?
  • These fall under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 in India and other privacy laws worldwide.

2.Hydrology of the Brahmaputra — Chinese Dams, Indian Concerns & Geostrategic Implications

 Introduction

The Brahmaputra River, one of India’s most significant transboundary rivers, has long been central to the geopolitical, ecological, and economic dynamics of Northeast India, especially Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

Recently, fears have resurfaced over China’s hydropower infrastructure on the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet). Amidst this, the article by water experts seeks to demystify common concerns and highlights scientific, hydrological, and diplomatic perspectives on China’s interventions and India’s policy options.

This topic holds immense relevance for CLAT Current Affairs 2026 and Legal Reasoning, especially for understanding water-sharing, transboundary river governance, and environmental law.

 Why It’s in the News

• Chinese hydropower construction on the Yarlung Tsangpo has raised fears in India about potential diversion of Brahmaputra waters.
• Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma countered these fears by stating that 65–70% of the Brahmaputra’s flow is generated inside India.
• The Medog Hydropower Project, China’s proposed mega-dam, is being built near the Great Bend of the river—close to Arunachal Pradesh’s borders.

 Key Highlights: Geography & Hydrology of Brahmaputra

1. Origin and Route:
   • Known as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
   • Becomes Siang in Arunachal Pradesh.
   • Merges with other tributaries in Assam.
   • Flows into Bangladesh as the Jamuna River.
2. Rainfall Distribution:
   • Over 90% of flow in Indian stretches comes from monsoon rainfall, not Tibet.
   • The Brahmaputra Basin in India spans 194 lakh sq. km.
   • Annual rainfall: >2,500 mm in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh; <1,200 mm over the Tibetan Plateau.
3. Contribution of Tibet:
   • Tibet contributes about 35% of the annual discharge of Brahmaputra.
   • The rest (~65%) comes from Indian rainfall and tributaries.

 What is China Planning?

• Medog (Motuo) Hydropower Project:
  • Proposed 60,000 MW capacity.
  • Could be three times bigger than the Three Gorges Dam.
  • Planned near the Great Bend, before Yarlung Tsangpo enters Arunachal Pradesh.
• Current Status:
  • Most Chinese dams are run-of-the-river with minimal water storage.
  • Located far upstream, with negligible impact on downstream India (scientific view).

 India’s Response and Concerns

• India continues to monitor Chinese projects through satellite imagery and diplomatic channels.
• So far, no significant adverse impact has been detected in Arunachal or Assam.
• However, there’s a need to:
  • Invest in scientific data gathering.
  • Promote bilateral hydrological transparency.
  • Use diplomatic means to prevent any disruptive intervention.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms for CLAT 2026

 Technical Analysis: Why Chinese Dams Might Not Affect India Severely

1. Monsoon-fed Nature:
   • Brahmaputra’s water volume increases primarily from Indian monsoon rains, not glacial melt or Tibetan input.
2. Topography:
   • The river gains volume and velocity after entering Indian territory.
   • Most of its fertile silt is also generated within Indian boundaries.
3. Hydropower Usage:
   • Hydropower is non-consumptive use—water is not stored or diverted permanently.

The Untapped Potential of the Brahmaputra

• India has underutilized the Brahmaputra for hydropower and irrigation.
• Key projects like the Upper Siang Project remain incomplete due to:
  • Environmental opposition.
  • Tribal displacement concerns.
  • Difficult terrain and access in Arunachal.
• Hydro-interlinking with Ganga Basin is being explored by the National Water Development Authority (NWDA).

🇮🇳 Strategic Recommendations for India

• Strengthen scientific capabilities via CWC, ISRO, and National Remote Sensing Centre.
• Maintain diplomatic dialogue with China using multilateral river basin forums.
• Promote low-impact river harnessing in Arunachal and Assam for:
  • Sustainable energy.
  • Flood mitigation.
  • Economic development of Northeast India.

 Legal and Environmental Dimensions (CLAT-Specific)

 Geopolitical Angle

• China’s control over Tibetan headwaters gives it an upper hand in hydrodiplomacy.
• India must avoid confrontation, but ensure transparency and early warning for floods or diversion risks.
• Similar concerns exist for other rivers (e.g., Indus, Sutlej).

 Summary Table

3.Indian Railways on the Green Track: Advancing Toward India’s Net Zero Goal

 Introduction

In line with India’s global climate commitments, Indian Railways has emerged as a major player in reducing the country’s carbon footprint. In this editorial, Ashwini Vaishnaw, the Minister for Railways, Communications, and Information Technology, outlines the Indian Railways’ contributions toward India’s Panchamrit climate goals, particularly the net-zero target by 2070.

With strategic electrification, reduction in diesel dependency, and a shift from road to rail for cargo movement, Indian Railways is not only helping reduce emissions but is also contributing significantly to economic efficiency and sustainable mobility.

This is an essential topic for CLAT Current Affairs 2026, falling under themes of environmental governance, public infrastructure, sustainable development, and logistics reform.

 Why in News

• Indian Railways is now the second-largest cargo railway in the world.
• It has become a pivotal element in India’s climate strategy, helping the nation reduce emissions.
• As part of its net-zero roadmap, Indian Railways has:
  • Electrified 47,000 km of tracks
  • Reduced diesel consumption significantly
  • Saved ₹2 lakh crore in fuel and logistics costs
• India is also building its first hydrogen-powered train, signaling innovation in green transport.

 Key Highlights of Indian Railways’ Green Transition

1. Role in Climate Commitment (Panchamrit Goals)

• Indian Railways is contributing to India’s Net Zero by 2070 goal through:
  • Green energy adoption
  • Electrification of railway lines
  • Shifting freight from roads to railways

2. Freight Movement and CO₂ Reduction

• Cargo moved increased from 1,055 million tonnes (2013–14) to 1,617 million tonnes (2024–25).
• This shift saved:
  • 143 million tonnes of CO₂
  • ₹3.2 lakh crore in logistics cost
  • 2,857 crore litres of diesel
  • ₹2 lakh crore in fuel costs

3. Electrification and Modernisation

• Indian Railways has:
  • Electrified 47,000 km of broad-gauge track
  • Achieved 99% network electrification
• In 60 years before 2014: only 21,000 km electrified
• In last 11 years: more than doubled

4. Hydrogen and Green Energy

• India is set to launch its first hydrogen-powered train.
• Indian Railways is using solar and wind energy at workshops and stations.

5. Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)

• DFCs are high-capacity railway lines for freight transport.
• Reduce congestion and emissions on roads.
• Example: 2,741 km of DFC track already developed.

 Notes on Peculiar Terms for CLAT 2026

 Environmental & Economic Impact

🇮🇳 Strategic Importance for India

• Reduces oil imports, helping with energy security.
• Strengthens India’s rank in World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index:
  • India now ranks 38th out of 139 (up from 54th in 2014).
• Improves air quality by reducing road-based diesel emissions.
• Promotes green growth and innovation in public transport.

 Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

4.Mount Etna’s 14th Eruption: Fiery Display of Smoke and Ash in Sicily

 Introduction

On Monday, June 2, 2025, Mount Etna, Europe’s most active volcano located on Sicily, Italy, erupted again, sending huge clouds of smoke and ash several kilometers into the sky. This event marked the 14th eruptive phase in recent months, as recorded by Italy’s National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV).

Although visually dramatic, officials clarified that the eruption posed no immediate threat to the population, with all volcanic activity being contained within the natural boundaries.

This event is highly relevant for CLAT 2026 aspirants under the topics of environmental science, disaster management, geography, and current global events.

 Why in News

• Mount Etna erupted for the 14th time in recent months, with plumes of smoke and ash rising into the sky.
• The volcanic activity briefly raised the alert level at Catania Airport, though flights were not interrupted.
• The ash cloud emission ended by the afternoon, with no reported casualties or damage outside the volcano’s natural containment zone.

Key Facts from the Report

 Explanation of the Event

• Eruption Mechanism: According to INGV, the eruption was triggered by a crater collapse on the southeastern side of the volcano, which led to lava flows and smoke plumes.
• Safety Measures: Despite the dramatic visuals, lava remained within the natural containment area, and air traffic remained unaffected.
• Sicilian President’s Statement: Renato Schifani reassured the public that “lava flows had not passed the containment zone and posed no danger to the population.”

Notes on Peculiar Terms for CLAT 2026

 Environmental Significance

• Mount Etna is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world, offering insights into tectonic movements, volcanic behavior, and natural disaster preparedness.
• Frequent eruptions, like this 14th event, reinforce the importance of early-warning systems and volcanic risk assessment in populated regions.

 Legal and Governance Relevance for CLAT

This incident ties into Legal GK and Environmental Law, particularly:

1. Disaster Management Act, 2005 (India) – Understanding legal frameworks for managing natural disasters.
2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Concepts related to geological activity and public safety.
3. International Cooperation on Natural Disasters – How different countries coordinate in times of natural crises.

 Pattern of Eruptions

• Mount Etna has been unusually active in recent months, with this being the 14th eruption, though most have been contained.
• The repetitive nature of these eruptions suggests increased subterranean movement, possibly requiring continuous scientific monitoring and civil safety readiness.

Global Relevance

• The ash cloud could potentially affect air traffic across Europe if conditions worsen, similar to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland (2010).
• Mount Etna’s activity also serves as a global reminder of the unpredictability of natural disasters and the need for real-time global monitoring systems.

 CLAT 2026 Relevance: Why You Should Know This

5.Open AI and India AI Launch Academy to Boost AI Learning Across India

 Introduction

In a significant move marking the first international expansion of OpenAI’s education platform, OpenAI and IndiaAI (under the Ministry of Electronics and IT) have collaborated to launch the OpenAI Academy India. This joint initiative seeks to expand AI education and accessibility across India, aligning with the country’s growing reputation as a global tech talent hub.

This development is a landmark moment in India’s digital education ecosystem, with relevance for legal and policy students, especially in areas related to technology law, public governance, skill development, and AI regulation—making it highly relevant for CLAT Current Affairs 2026.

Why in News

• On Thursday (June 6, 2025), OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, launched its first international educational initiative in India.
• This launch is in partnership with the IndiaAI Mission under the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY).
• The initiative is titled OpenAI Academy India, and aims to expand access to AI tools, training, and infrastructure.

 Key Points of the Initiative

1. First Global Expansion:
   • This marks OpenAI’s first education platform rollout outside the US, emphasizing the importance of India’s tech ecosystem.
2. Target Audience:
   • The initiative will serve:
     • Students
     • Developers
     • Educators
     • Civil servants
     • Nonprofit leaders
     • Small business owners
3. Learning Format:
   • Offers a hybrid model of:
     • Digital learning (online courses, tools)
     • In-person workshops
   • Will be available in English, Hindi, and other regional languages in the future.
4. Strategic Alignment with IndiaAI’s FutureSkills Mission:
   • The academy will directly support the FutureSkills pillar by increasing access to AI training resources.
5. Partnership Legalized via MoU:
   • A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between OpenAI and IndiaAI Mission to formalize collaboration.

 Notes on Important Terms for CLAT 2026

Significance for India

• Tech Sovereignty: Enhances India’s global standing in AI innovation and education.
• Skill Development: Addresses the growing demand for AI-trained talent.
• Digital Inclusion: Availability in local languages promotes wider participation.
• Policy Momentum: Reinforces the government’s emphasis on Digital India, National AI Strategy, and employability.

 Legal & Educational Relevance for CLAT Aspirants

This partnership is relevant under:

1. Digital Law and Ethics:
   • Raises questions on AI governance, data privacy, intellectual property, and algorithmic fairness.
2. Education & Access Rights:
   • Promotes right to digital education as part of Article 21A (Right to Education) in the digital era.
3. Public-Private Partnerships:
   • Reflects policy mechanisms like MoUs to achieve educational goals without full privatization.
4. Technology Law:
   • Can link to debates on AI regulation, especially in light of laws like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

 Summary Table

 What It Means for India

• Empowers India’s developer ecosystem to lead in AI research and deployment.
• Supports the government’s vision for inclusive digital education.
• Establishes a scalable framework to democratize AI learning.

6.Operation Spider Web – Ukraine’s Deep Strike Against Russian Strategic Forces

 Introduction

Operation Spider Web is being regarded as one of the most daring drone-based military offensives in modern warfare history. Orchestrated by Ukraine, this operation successfully targeted multiple Russian airbases deep within its territory—up to 4,000 km behind enemy lines. Over 117 drones, possibly first-person-view (FPV) drones, were used in coordinated swarms to inflict severe damage on Russia’s strategic bomber fleet.

The significance of this operation goes beyond military headlines—it redefines modern combat strategy, showcasing the power of low-cost technology against high-value military assets. For CLAT 2026 aspirants, this topic is relevant under Current Affairs, International Security, Geopolitics, and Technology & Warfare.

 Why in News

• On June 1, 2025, Ukraine launched Operation Spider Web, using inexpensive FPV drones to attack Russian military airbases.
• Ukraine claims to have damaged or destroyed 41 Russian aircraft, including strategic bombers and cruise missile carriers.
• This attack is considered a major blow to Russia’s long-range bombing capabilities and is being celebrated as a historic tactical success.

Key Features of Operation Spider Web

 Step-by-Step Description of the Attack

1. Operators in Ukraine controlled the drones using Russian mobile networks—a classic case of “Trojan Horse” strategy.
2. Drones were smuggled via hidden trucks deep into Russia, disguised inside regular cargo.
3. Once inside, the trucks opened retractable roofs and launched swarms of drones at airbases.
4. Drones were guided remotely and hit strategic bombers and cruise missile platforms.

 Trojan Horse Tactics

• The drones were disguised and hidden inside civilian-looking trucks.
• Trucks were driven across the border and parked near Russian airbases.
• At the right time, they opened up and released swarms of FPV drones to target parked aircraft.

 About FPV Drones

 Strategic Impact of Operation Spider Web

 Audacity of the Mission

• Ukraine’s strategy was low-cost, high-impact.
• It redefined deep strike capabilities by removing the need for jets or long-range missiles.
• Demonstrates how technological ingenuity and adaptability can counter superior air power.
• Ukraine planned this mission for 18 months, combining stealth, surprise, and drone warfare.

Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

This operation is important under multiple themes:

• CLAT Current Affairs 2026: Warfare strategy, use of drones, impact on geopolitics.
• Legal Reasoning: Could relate to laws of war, Geneva Convention, sovereignty issues.
• International Law: Questions around cross-border aggression, rules of engagement.
• Science & Tech: Military applications of drones, cyber-warfare implications.

 Notes on Peculiar Terms

 Geopolitical Implications

• Russia’s air supremacy is under question, as nearly one-third of its long-range bombing fleet is incapacitated.
• Ukraine’s ability to breach Russian airspace at will may shift global perceptions of drone warfare.
• Cyberwarfare, drone swarms, and asymmetric tactics are expected to dominate future military conflicts.

The attack occurred ahead of Russia-Ukraine peace talks, potentially strengthening Ukraine’s negotiation leverage.

7.The Train to Kashmir

Introduction:

The Udhampur–Srinagar–Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) is being hailed as a historic engineering marvel that connects the Kashmir Valley to the rest of India by rail. Its completion marks a transformative moment for Jammu & Kashmir, aiming to boost trade, tourism, national integration, and livelihood opportunities in the region.

This initiative is not merely infrastructural—it’s a strategic, emotional, and economic leap forward in bridging Kashmir with India.

 Why in News

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off the Vande Bharat Express between Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra and Srinagar on June 6, 2025.
• The Chenab Bridge, the world’s highest railway arch bridge, was officially opened, marking the final milestone in the USBRL project.
• The Prime Minister condemned recent terror attacks in Pahalgam, linking them to attempts to derail Kashmir’s economic growth and unity with the rest of the country.

 Key Technical Details of USBRL Project

Engineering Marvels

1. Chenab Bridge

• Tallest railway arch bridge in the world.
• Spans 467 meters across the Chenab River at a height of 359 meters (35 meters taller than Eiffel Tower).
• Built to withstand winds up to 266 km/hr and earthquakes of intensity up to 8 on the Richter scale.
• Involves 29,980 tonnes of steel.

2. Anji Khad Bridge

• India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge.
• Spans the Anji Khad gorge in Reasi district.
• Total length: 473 m | Tallest pier: 193 m

Vande Bharat Express Details

• Route: SMVD Katra ↔ Srinagar
• Stops: SMVD Katra, Banihal, Qazigund, Srinagar
• Timings:
  • From Katra: 8:10 AM, 2:55 PM
  • From Srinagar: 8:00 AM, 2:00 PM
• Fare: Chair Car – ₹715 | Executive Class – ₹1,320
• Comfort Features:
  • Heated windshields & toilets for extreme winters
  • Seismic dampers for earthquake zones
  • Advanced safety and insulation systems
  • Designed for –20°C operating conditions
  • Will run year-round, even in harsh snow

Historical Background

• First railway in Kashmir Valley proposed between Rawalpindi and Srinagar in 1902–1905, but was never realized due to partition and conflict.
• Post-1947: Jammu & Kashmir disconnected from Indian Rail Network.
• First major reconnection: Pathankot to Jammu Tawi line in 1975.
• USBRL initiated in 1983; serious progress began after 1994.
• Project execution faced delays due to:
  • Harsh terrain of Pir Panjal mountains
  • Political instability
  • Geological challenges

 Economic & Strategic Importance

• Reduces travel time to Kashmir by over 6–8 hours.
• Boosts tourism by providing safe, reliable, and scenic rail connectivity.
• Enhances national security with improved access to the region.
• Integrates agriculture, handicrafts, and small businesses of Kashmir with pan-India markets.
• Revives faith in the development narrative of Kashmir, countering separatist and extremist ideologies.

 Prime Minister’s Statement Highlights

• PM Modi condemned Pakistan for orchestrating attacks on livelihoods in Kashmir, specifically referring to Pahalgam terror attack on tourists.
• Called the USBRL and Chenab Bridge a “symbol of unity, modernity, and resilience”.
• Expressed confidence that the new infrastructure will transform the economic future of Kashmir.

 Notes on Key Terms for CLAT 2026

• USBRL: Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link – strategic railway project.
• Seismic Dampers: Devices that reduce structural vibrations during earthquakes.
• Cable-Stayed Bridge: A bridge supported by cables directly connected to towers.
• Arch Bridge: Bridge where the deck is supported on an arch structure (e.g., Chenab Bridge).
• All-Weather Connectivity: Infrastructure that functions year-round regardless of extreme weather.
• Pir Panjal Range: Himalayan subrange through which the railway tunnels pass.

8.Upper Siang Hydropower Project in Arunachal Pradesh

Upper Siang Hydropower Project in Arunachal Pradesh: Protests, Strategy, and Geopolitical Concerns

 Why in News

The 11.2 GW Upper Siang Hydropower Project in Arunachal Pradesh, initiated by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, has come into the spotlight again. Despite a pre-feasibility report ordered three years ago, the project has faced delays due to local opposition and geopolitical tensions. Now, with growing pressure due to China’s upstream activities near the India-China border, NHPC Ltd. has been directed to expedite site selection and project finalisation.

 Introduction

The Upper Siang project is one of India’s largest proposed hydropower ventures aimed at utilizing the massive hydroelectric potential of the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh. The project, however, is marred by local protests, environmental concerns, and strategic sensitivity due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.

The project becomes especially relevant in the backdrop of China’s own 60 GW hydro project planned just 50 km upstream across the border in Medog County, Tibet. This development has pushed India to accelerate its own water infrastructure projects as a strategic counterbalance.

 Point-wise Summary for CLAT and UPSC Aspirants

1. Project Background

• The Ministry of Jal Shakti ordered a pre-feasibility report three years ago for the 11.2 GW Siang Upper Multipurpose Project.
• The project has been proposed on the Siang River, which is the name of the Brahmaputra River in Arunachal Pradesh before it enters Assam.

2. Current Status

• The decision on the final project site has been delayed due to local issues, including protests by potentially displaced communities.
• The NHPC (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation) is now tasked with expediting the selection of the site for the project.

3. Geopolitical Relevance

• The urgency is partly driven by China’s 60 GW hydro project in Medog County, Tibet, which is less than 50 km from the Indian border.
• China’s project poses a strategic and environmental risk for India’s northeastern water systems.

4. Local Opposition

• Communities in the area are protesting due to:
  • Fear of displacement
  • Impact on biodiversity and forest cover
  • Threat to tribal livelihoods and local ecology

5. NHPC’s Next Steps

• NHPC has identified multiple potential sites using:
  • Desk-based studies
  • Satellite reconnaissance
• However, on-ground investigations are being delayed due to local protests.
• Despite opposition, the Centre is keen to push the project forward as part of its strategic infrastructure plans.

6. Strategic Implications

• The project is seen as a hydrological counter to Chinese activity.
• It also feeds into India’s larger National Hydropower Mission, which seeks to increase green energy capacity and border infrastructure.

 Legal and Constitutional Frameworks Involved

1. Constitutional Provisions

• Article 48A: Directive Principle instructing the State to protect and improve the environment.
• Schedule VI: Protects the rights of tribal areas in northeastern states; any land acquisition must respect these rights.
• Article 243 ZD: Mandates the participation of local panchayats in planning for economic development, especially relevant to developmental projects in tribal belts.

1. Environmental Laws

• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Requires Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for large infrastructure projects.
• Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognises the traditional rights of forest-dwelling tribes, making displacement difficult without their consent.

1. Legal Issues

• Possible PILs (Public Interest Litigations) by environmental and tribal rights groups.
• Conflict between strategic development vs. environmental sustainability and tribal autonomy.

 Timeline of Events

 Key Locations Mentioned

• Siang River – Flows through Arunachal Pradesh, becomes Brahmaputra in Assam.
• Medog County (Tibet) – Where China is building a 60 GW dam project.
• Dite Dime and Ugeng – Potential sites under NHPC’s consideration.
• Upper Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh – Main project site, facing resistance.

9.Why RBI’s MPC is Likely to Cut the Repo Rate for the 3rd Time in a Row

 Introduction

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is expected to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points (bps) during its policy meeting scheduled from June 4–6, 2025. If executed, this would mark the third consecutive rate cut since February 2025.

This action comes amid sustained low inflation, global economic uncertainties, and the need to stimulate domestic growth. For aspirants preparing for CLAT 2026, understanding monetary policy decisions is essential, especially under topics like banking and financial governance, inflation targeting, and public finance.

 Why It’s in the News

• The MPC is likely to cut the repo rate to 5.75%, down by 25 bps, making it the third straight rate cut in 2025.
• This move is in response to falling inflation and the need to support economic growth.
• The policy decision is expected to retain the accommodative stance, promoting easier borrowing conditions.

 What is Expected?

• Economists broadly anticipate a 25 bps rate cut based on declining Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation and muted growth.
• In April 2025, CPI inflation fell to 3.3%, well below the RBI’s 4% target.
• RBI is mandated to maintain inflation at 4% ± 2%, and the current inflation trend aligns with this mandate.
• Given the softening inflation, many analysts agree the MPC has room to ease rates further.

 What is the Repo Rate?

The repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks. Lowering it reduces borrowing costs, encouraging more lending, spending, and investment.

Key Points from the Article

1. Meeting Dates: MPC to meet from June 4 to 6, 2025.
2. Proposed Cut: A 25 basis point cut in the repo rate is expected, bringing it to 5.75%.
3. Monetary Stance: RBI likely to retain the “accommodative” stance to support growth.
4. Inflation Data: Inflation dropped from 5.1% in March to 3.3% in April.
5. Growth Concerns: With global uncertainties and low private consumption, easing policy is seen as a supportive measure.
6. Global Macroeconomic Conditions: RBI’s stance considers global factors like trade wars, commodity prices, and international interest rates.
7. Policy Goals:
   • Support GDP growth
   • Maintain price stability
   • Align inflation with Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework (FITF)

 Broader Economic Context

• India has been navigating slow private investment, muted exports, and global economic uncertainty.
• Accommodative monetary policy is a stimulus tool to boost demand in such a scenario.
• A third rate cut within five months shows RBI’s proactive approach to maintaining macroeconomic stability.

 Notes on Key Terms for CLAT 2026

 CLAT Current Affairs 2026 Relevance

This article is important for GK & Current Affairs, Legal Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques sections, particularly:

• Understanding how the RBI influences liquidity and inflation
• How policy decisions are linked to constitutional goals of equitable growth
• Relevance to current economic policy debates in India

 What’s Next?

• RBI’s future policy decisions will closely track global events like US Fed rate changes, oil prices, and trade conditions.
• Analysts expect a continued pro-growth policy stance if inflation remains below target.
• The rate cut is also viewed as preparation for FY2026, which could see revised GDP and inflation forecasts.

9.World Day Against Child Labour

      Introduction

• World Day Against Child Labour is observed annually on June 12 under the aegis of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The 2025 theme is “Let’s act on our commitments: End Child Labour!”
  
  This day draws attention to the persistent issue of child labour worldwide, including in India, where millions of children continue to be denied education, safety, and dignity. The issue is not just humanitarian but also legal, constitutional, and policy-driven – making it an essential topic for CLAT 2026 aspirants.

     Why in News

• – June 12, 2025, marked the global observance of World Day Against Child Labour.
  – ILO and UNICEF have issued fresh warnings that post-COVID conditions have worsened child labour in vulnerable countries.
  – India continues to hold one of the highest numbers of child labourers globally.
•      Point-wise Summary
• Purpose of the Day:
  – Raise awareness about child labour.
     – Mobilize action from civil society, governments, and employers.
     – Encourage law enforcement and rehabilitation.
  
  2. India’s Child Labour Problem:
     – 10.1 million child labourers (Census 2011, ages 5–14).
     – Often seen in domestic work, street vending, garment sectors.
     – Rooted in poverty, education access issues.
  
  3. Legal Framework:
     – Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (Amended 2016):
       – Children (<14) banned from all employment except family-based and non-hazardous.
       – Adolescents (14–18) banned from hazardous work.
     – Key Constitutional Articles:
       – Article 24: Prohibits child labour in hazardous industries.
       – Article 21A: Right to free and compulsory education (6–14 years).
       – Article 39(e)(f): State duty to protect children from exploitation.
  
  4. RTE Act, 2009:
     – Enforces Article 21A.
     – Came into force April 1, 2010.
     – Ensures compulsory free education for ages 6–14.
  
  5. Other Protective Laws:
     – Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976.
     – Juvenile Justice Act, 2015: Hazardous work is a cognizable offence.
     – Factories Act, 1948: Bans under-14s from factory employment.
  
  6. Enforcement Mechanism:
     – Ministry of Labour and Employment.
     – NCPCR under Ministry of Women and Child Development.
     – State Labour Departments, Judiciary, Police.
     – District Task Forces under NCLP.
  
  7. Key Institutions & People:
     – Labour Minister: Dr. Mansukh L. Mandaviya.
     – NCPCR Chairperson: Priyank Kanoongo.
  
  8. Rehabilitation Programmes:
     – NCLP: Transitional education, vocational training.
     – Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: Mainstreams rescued children into schools.
     – PENCIL Portal: Tracks child labour violations.
  
  9. What Can Citizens Do?:
     – Report to police, Childline (1098), or District Magistrate.
     – Encourage school enrollment.
     – Avoid products made by child labour.

 Explanation of Key Terms (Notes)

• – Child Labour: Employment of children under the age of 14 in any economic activity.
  – Hazardous Occupation: Dangerous jobs that affect health or safety, like mining, fireworks, etc.
  – RTE Act: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.
  – NCLP: Government scheme for rehabilitation of child labourers.
  – PENCIL Portal: Digital tool for enforcement and monitoring of child labour violations.

     Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

• – Constitutional Law: Focus on Articles 24, 21A, and 39.
  – Legal GK: Understanding amendments and implementation of major acts.
  – Current Affairs 2026: Legal and humanitarian themes in national focus.
  – Essay Writing: Social justice, rights of children, education, and law enforcement.
  – Legal Reasoning: Analyze enforcement loopholes in protective laws.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Cyprus

Introduction

On June 15, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Cyprus, marking the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to the island nation in 23 years. He was warmly welcomed by Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides at Larnaca Airport. This visit holds significant strategic, geopolitical, and diplomatic importance as Cyprus is not only a key Mediterranean nation but also Turkey’s regional rival and the incoming President of the European Council in 2026.

This development is crucial from a CLAT Current Affairs 2026 perspective, especially for aspirants preparing through the best online coaching for CLAT, as it blends international relations, trade policy, regional geopolitics, and strategic diplomacy.

 Why in News?

• PM Modi becomes the first Indian PM since Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2002) to visit Cyprus.
• Cyprus is India’s strategic partner in the EU and the Mediterranean.
• Visit seen as a signal to Turkey, which opposes India on Kashmir and supports Pakistan.
• Cyprus will hold the rotating presidency of the European Union (EU) in 2026, enhancing its influence in EU policymaking.
• India is aiming to build bridges with Europe, especially post-Operation Sindoor and global shifts in supply chains.

 Point-Wise Summary for CLAT 2026

1. Historical Significance

• PM Modi’s visit to Cyprus is the first in over two decades, marking a revival of India-Cyprus diplomatic engagements.
• It highlights India’s focus on expanding global alliances in the Mediterranean and Europe.

2. Geopolitical Message

• Cyprus and Turkey have long-standing territorial disputes. Turkey invaded northern Cyprus in 1974 and supports the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is not internationally recognized.
• Cyprus opposes Turkey’s support to Pakistan on Kashmir and cross-border terrorism.
• PM Modi’s visit sends a clear message to Ankara that India is strengthening ties with Turkey’s rival.

3. Countering the Islamabad-Ankara Axis

• Turkey has aligned with Pakistan on Kashmir in recent years.
• India’s outreach to Cyprus is part of its efforts to neutralize anti-India blocs, especially in multilateral forums like the United Nations.

4. Energy and Trade Cooperation

• Cyprus is key to India’s energy diversification strategy due to its natural gas reserves in the Mediterranean.
• The visit is expected to see discussions on trade, investment, digital connectivity, and energy cooperation.

5. EU Presidency and India’s Diplomacy

• Cyprus will preside over the EU Council in 2026.
• India sees Cyprus as a partner to strengthen its outreach to the EU, especially in light of strategic technology, cybersecurity, and digital trade talks.

6. Green Line and Buffer Zone

• PM Modi’s visit may include a symbolic stop at the Green Line, the UN buffer zone that separates north and south Cyprus.
• This would act as a response to Turkey’s military presence and political interference in the region.

7. Middle East & India-MEC Corridor

• Cyprus is also part of the wider Mediterranean network under India’s India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
• IMEC, announced at the G20 Summit in India, aims to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative and link Indian ports with Europe via the Gulf.

8. Operation Sindoor Diplomacy

• The choice of Cyprus as the first stop after Operation Sindoor, which saw India rescue nationals from global conflict zones, underscores India’s push for secure and friendly global partnerships.

9. G7 Summit Alignment

• PM Modi will visit Canada and Croatia next as part of a 3-nation tour.
• Cyprus visit precedes Modi’s arrival at the G7 Summit, where supply chains, digital governance, and Israel-Iran conflict discussions are on the agenda.

10. India’s New Global Alignment

• The visit is a continuation of India’s post-Operation Sindoor diplomatic strategy—focusing on like-minded democracies, economic diversification, and strategic autonomy.

 Notes and Key Terms for CLAT Aspirants

 Why Cyprus Matters – Explained for CLAT GK

• Cyprus supports India’s stance on Kashmir, countering Pakistan-Turkey alignment.
• The country is EU-aligned, and its future presidency provides India a diplomatic channel to the European Union.
• Cyprus offers natural gas, giving India strategic leverage in the energy sector.
• With global realignment post-COVID and Ukraine conflict, India needs new allies beyond traditional superpowers.

Legal and Strategic Relevance for CLAT 2026

• International diplomacy and strategic visits like this are often tested in CLAT Current Affairs and GK sections.
• Cyprus is linked to various legal disputes under international law (Turkey’s occupation, buffer zone, EU law, UN resolutions).
• India’s foreign policy impacts trade law, security law, energy law, and international humanitarian law—topics with increasing relevance in legal education.
• Understanding the intersection of law and diplomacy is essential for future lawyers, diplomats, and policy-makers.

Broader Foreign Policy Themes

• India is actively building alliances to strengthen its presence in Europe, West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
• Engagement with Cyprus, Canada, and Croatia showcases India’s multipolar foreign policy approach.
• The visit adds momentum to India’s global leadership ambitions, already visible in G20, BRICS, QUAD, and Indo-Pacific strategies.

10.Understanding the Role of Black Boxes in Air Crashes – A CLAT 2026 Special

·       Introduction

• In the wake of the Air India Ahmedabad-London crash, the term “Black Box” has re-entered public discourse. These devices are crucial in aviation safety and accident investigation. As investigators comb through the wreckage, the search for the aircraft’s black boxes becomes a top priority to determine what led to the tragic incident.
  
  For aspirants preparing for law entrance exams like CLAT 2026, this topic offers critical insights into scientific investigation, international aviation law, and technological mandates in public safety—making it highly relevant for the Current Affairs section of competitive exams.

·       Why in News

• – A fatal crash involving an Air India Dreamliner occurred in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, shortly after take-off.
  – The aircraft, en route to London, had 242 passengers on board.
  – Following the crash, investigators began searching for the aircraft’s black boxes to understand the cause.
  – Black boxes are vital for post-crash investigations and provide essential flight and cockpit data.
  – The incident raised national concerns about aviation safety, drawing attention from the Union Home Ministry and other regulatory bodies.

·       Point-wise Summary

• What is a Black Box?
  – A black box refers to two types of flight recorders:
       a. Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
       b. Flight Data Recorder (FDR)
  
  2. Functionality & Structure:
     – CVRs record conversations and sounds in the cockpit.
     – FDRs capture 80+ parameters including altitude, speed, engine metrics.
     – Stored in crash-proof materials like titanium.
  
  3. Usage in Water Crashes:
     – Equipped with Underwater Locator Beacons (ULBs) active for up to 30 days.
  
  4. Historical Background:
     – Introduced by Dr. David Warren (Australia, 1950s).
     – Made mandatory in commercial aircraft after fatal crashes in Australia.
  
  5. Misconceptions About “Black Box”:
     – Actually colored orange, not black.
     – Term originates from old photographic film protection devices.
     – Modern ones use solid-state memory chips.

·       Explanation of Key Terms (Notes)

• – CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder): Records cockpit conversations and sounds.
  – FDR (Flight Data Recorder): Captures flight metrics like speed, altitude, etc.
  – ULB (Underwater Locator Beacon): Sends sonar signals to locate black boxes underwater.
  – Solid-State Memory Chips: Modern data storage tech in black boxes.
  – Titanium: Material used to make black boxes crash-resistant.

·       Relevance for CLAT 2026

• – Scientific Inquiry and Law
  – Aviation Law and Regulations
  – Technology and Public Policy
  – Legal Liability in Accidents
  – Current Affairs Awareness for CLAT GK section

11.Hydrology of the Brahmaputra – Strategic, Environmental & Legal Insights for CLAT 2026

·       Introduction

• The Brahmaputra River, which originates in Tibet and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam before entering Bangladesh, is both a lifeline and a geopolitical flashpoint. Recent discussions have sparked public concern over China’s dam-building activity upstream, particularly at Medog.
  
  This article is essential for CLAT 2026 aspirants preparing for topics on transboundary water conflicts, hydrological policy, environmental law, and Indo-China strategic issues. Understanding the Brahmaputra’s role as a shared river system helps students explore its legal, ecological, and diplomatic dimensions.

·       Why in News

• – Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma cautioned about Chinese dam construction on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra in Tibet).
  – China is building the world’s largest hydroelectric project (Medog dam) on the river.
  – The issue raises concerns for downstream states in India and Bangladesh, particularly over water availability and ecological consequences.

·       Point-wise Summary

• **Origin and Path of Brahmaputra**:
  – Originates as Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, enters India in Arunachal Pradesh (called Siang), flows through Assam as Brahmaputra.
     – After entering Bangladesh, it is called Jamuna.
  
  2. **Chinese Dam Projects**:
     – Medog Project: 60,000 MW capacity, three times larger than China’s Three Gorges Dam.
     – Concerns: Reduced downstream flow, ecological imbalance, water security threats to India and Bangladesh.
  
  3. **Rainfall Pattern in Basin**:
     – India’s Brahmaputra Basin receives 4x more rainfall than the Tibetan Plateau.
     – Monsoon-fed rivers dominate Indian side; Tibet contributes mainly snow-fed flow.
  
  4. **Flow Contribution from Tibet**:
     – Only 30% of Brahmaputra’s total flow comes from Tibet; remaining 70% comes from Indian rainfall.
     – Rivers swell during monsoons in Arunachal and Assam due to heavy precipitation.
  
  5. **Geostrategic Concerns**:
     – Chinese infrastructure can manipulate river flow during conflicts or crises.
     – India’s northeastern states are vulnerable due to lack of real-time data sharing.
  
  6. **India’s Response Strategy**:
     – Emphasis on multilateral diplomacy and satellite-based hydrological monitoring.
     – Need for joint river management treaties and early warning systems.
     – India must strengthen internal resilience via hydropower, storage, and flood control.
  
  7. **Water Resource Development Potential**:
     – Arunachal Pradesh has major untapped hydropower potential.
     – Projects like Siang Basin Multipurpose Project proposed.
     – Hindered by environmental issues and lack of local support.
  
  8. **Other River Sharing Disputes**:
     – Sutlej and Indus rivers also impacted by upstream Chinese activities.
     – India needs comprehensive legal and environmental safeguards.

·       Explanation of Key Terms (Notes)

• – **Yarlung Tsangpo**: Tibetan name of Brahmaputra River.
  – **Medog Dam**: Proposed Chinese dam in Tibet, planned as world’s largest hydropower project.
  – **Run-of-the-river Projects**: Hydroelectric systems that generate power without significant reservoir storage.
  – **Hydrology**: The scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth.
  – **Transboundary River System**: A river that crosses one or more national boundaries.
  – **Geostrategic Risk**: Strategic vulnerability arising from geographical and political factors.
  – **Siltation**: Accumulation of silt in rivers, reducing water flow and reservoir efficiency.

·       Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

• – **Transboundary Water Disputes**: Legal frameworks and international conventions.
  – **Article 253**: Parliament’s power to legislate on international agreements.
  – **Indus Waters Treaty model**: Precedent for Brahmaputra water diplomacy.
  – **Environmental Law**: Legal provisions around large dam projects and their ecological impact.
  – **Current Affairs 2026**: Strategic infrastructure and Indo-China relations.

12.Chenab Bridge: India’s Engineering Marvel – A CLAT 2026 Insight

·       Introduction

• The Chenab Railway Bridge, inaugurated in 2025 as part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL), stands as a towering symbol of engineering brilliance and national integration. Built 359 meters above the riverbed, it is the highest railway bridge in the world and a vital link in connecting the Kashmir Valley to the rest of India.
  
  For CLAT 2026 aspirants, the Chenab Bridge is not just a marvel of civil engineering but a critical case study of how infrastructure, policy, law, and regional security intersect in modern governance. It is a prime example of development shaping the constitutional promise of inclusiveness and accessibility.

·       Why in News

• – Prime Minister Narendra Modi walked across and inaugurated the Chenab Railway Bridge in June 2025.
  – It is a key section of the USBRL project, connecting Udhampur to Baramulla via Srinagar.
  – The bridge enhances all-weather connectivity and plays a strategic role in boosting tourism, logistics, and national security in Jammu & Kashmir.
  – This development came soon after terror attacks in Pahalgam, prompting strong messaging against Pakistan’s destabilizing attempts in the region.

·       Point-Wise Summary of the Chenab Bridge

• **Highest Railway Bridge in the World**:
  – 359 meters above riverbed (35 meters higher than the Eiffel Tower).
     – Spans 467 meters in a single arch.
  
  2. **Strategic Infrastructure**:
     – Part of the 272-km USBRL project.
     – Connects Katra and Banihal (111 km segment).
     – Offers seamless all-weather rail connectivity to the Kashmir Valley.
  
  3. **Engineering Feat**:
     – Constructed using 29,980 tonnes of steel.
     – Designed to withstand wind speeds up to 266 km/h.
     – Equipped with seismic dampers to absorb earthquake vibrations (Zone V compliant).
  
  4. **Economic and Social Impact**:
     – Expected to transform trade and tourism in Kashmir.
     – Reduces travel time and improves access to remote areas.
     – Employment boost during and after construction phase.
  
  5. **Symbol of Integration**:
     – Represents a significant step in bridging developmental gaps between Kashmir and the rest of India.
     – Enhances the efficiency of military and disaster relief logistics.
  
  6. **Durability and Design**:
     – Designed for a lifespan of 120 years.
     – Special anti-corrosive paint and temperature-resilient features.
     – Incorporates advanced safety systems like fire detection and monitoring.

·       Explanation of Key Terms (Notes)

• – **USBRL**: Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link, India’s most ambitious railway project in mountainous terrain.
  – **Seismic Dampers**: Devices that reduce vibration from earthquakes, ensuring structural integrity.
  – **Zone V Earthquake Zone**: Most severe seismic classification in India; structures must be extra resilient.
  – **Arch Bridge**: A bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch.
  – **All-Weather Connectivity**: Infrastructure usable year-round, irrespective of snow, rain, or natural barriers.
  – **Corrosion Resistant Steel**: Special steel treated to resist rusting in extreme weather.
  – **Cable-Stayed Bridge**: A bridge in which the deck is supported by cables directly connected to towers.

·       Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

• – **Infrastructure Law & Developmental Policy**: Understanding legal frameworks supporting national projects.
  – **Geopolitical Relevance**: Kashmir’s connectivity with the Indian heartland has constitutional and national security implications.
  – **Environment & Disaster Management**: Legal provisions on construction in ecologically sensitive and earthquake-prone zones.
  – **Legal Awareness**: Issues around land acquisition, compensation laws, and rehabilitation during mega infrastructure projects.