1.Environmental Compliance and Civic Protest: Gangotri Incinerator Shutdown Explained

CLAT 2026 | Environmental Law & Citizen Activism | CLAT Gurukul Current Affairs Series

 Introduction

The sacred town of Gangotri, a revered Hindu pilgrimage site in Uttarakhand and the origin of the River Ganga, recently witnessed a landmark citizen-led environmental intervention. Following widespread local protests, the Uttarakhand State Pollution Control Board (UKPCB) ordered the closure of an illegally established incinerator in the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone. This incinerator was reportedly set up by the State Tourism Department without due permissions and in violation of multiple national environmental laws.

The issue garnered attention not only due to the religious sanctity and ecological fragility of the Gangotri region but also because it highlighted deep flaws in governance, environmental law enforcement, and policy compliance in protected zones. This situation is a classic example of how community resistance and legal frameworks intersect to protect fragile ecosystems in India.

For students preparing under the best online coaching for CLAT or any online coaching for CLAT, this case provides a real-world legal application involving the Environment Protection Act, Water Act, Air Act, and the rules related to eco-sensitive zones and hazardous waste. This topic is crucial for CLAT 2026’s Legal Reasoning and Current Affairs 2026 sections.

 Why in News?

• The Uttarakhand State Pollution Control Board (UKPCB) ordered the shutdown of a solid waste incinerator set up near Gangotri.
• This action followed strong opposition from local residents and activist groups such as the Himalayi Nagrik Drishti Manch.
• The incinerator violated several provisions of key environmental laws and was set up in an eco-sensitive zone without obtaining necessary consents or permits.
• The protest and legal action mark a significant event in the context of citizen-led environmental protection and administrative accountability.

 Point-wise Summary

1. What Happened?

• A solid waste incinerator was set up by the state tourism department in Gangotri.
• It was located inside the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)—a legally protected area under environmental laws.

 2.Who Ordered the Shutdown?

• The Uttarakhand State Pollution Control Board (UKPCB) ordered the closure after inspecting the facility on June 24, 2025.
• The inspection revealed multiple legal and technical violations.

3. Legal Violations Involved

• The incinerator did not have proper permissions:
  • No Consent to Establish
  • No Consent to Operate under:
    • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
    • Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
    • Environment Protection Act, 1986
  • No authorization under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016

4. Environmental and Health Risks

• There were no monitoring facilities, no proper operational procedures, and no disposal mechanism for waste by-products.
• Residents complained that burning mixed solid waste was leading to toxic emissions.
• There was no documentation on plastic waste handling, or ash generation records, violating waste handling rules.

5. Role of Local Activists

• The Himalayi Nagrik Drishti Manch—a collective of local citizens—submitted written complaints.
• They pointed out the lack of environmental clearance and impact on health and ecology.

6. Location Sensitivity

• Gangotri lies in the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone, where any new project must obtain special clearances and is subject to high environmental scrutiny.
• Activity in this zone is regulated by a committee chaired by the Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand.

7. Tourism Ministry’s Involvement

• The incinerator was part of a project by the Ministry of Tourism, under the PRASAD Scheme (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive).
• It was facilitated through the Tourism Development Officer, but bypassed mandatory environmental permissions.

8. UKPCB’s Final Decision

• The Board recommended immediate closure of the unit.
• Suggested legal action for violations of statutory environmental provisions.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ): Areas notified under the Environment Protection Act to protect regions around national parks or sanctuaries. Restrictions are imposed on industrial and developmental activity.
2. Consent to Establish (CTE): A certificate granted by the Pollution Control Board for setting up any plant or industry.
3. Consent to Operate (CTO): Permission to begin actual operations after ensuring all safeguards and environmental standards are met.
4. PRASAD Scheme: A central government initiative aimed at developing infrastructure around religious tourist destinations.
5. Incinerator: A waste treatment device that burns refuse at high temperatures; can be highly polluting if not operated properly.
6. Hazardous Waste Rules, 2016: These govern the storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials.

 Legal Frameworks Involved

1. Environment Protection Act, 1986

• Empowers the central government to regulate environmental quality and restrict industrial activities in ecologically sensitive zones.

1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

• Regulates water pollution and mandates clearance for any operation likely to discharge effluents into water bodies.

1. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

• Regulates emissions and requires industries to obtain air pollution clearances before setting up.

1. Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016

• Any incineration unit must be certified under these rules if hazardous by-products or emissions are involved.

1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Norms

• Activities in ESZs must undergo detailed environmental scrutiny under EIA procedures.

 Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

This issue offers a perfect blend of:

Legal Reasoning

• Can a state authority bypass mandatory environmental laws in eco-sensitive zones?
• Should courts recognize citizen protest as legitimate ground to halt development projects?

 Current Affairs

• Environmental governance
• Role of Pollution Control Boards
• People-led activism in law enforcement

Essay & Comprehension Topics

• Environment vs Development: The Legal Battle Continues
• Eco-Sensitive Zones and India’s Environmental Commitments
• Public Participation in Environmental Protection

 2.Delhi’s Fuel Ban on Old Vehicles: What the Law Says and Why It Matters

For CLAT 2026 Current Affairs | CLAT Gurukul Exclusive

 Introduction

In a bold move aimed at combating air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR), the Delhi government has initiated a ban on refueling certain categories of old vehicles. This directive, issued by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), effectively restricts fuel access to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)—a classification that includes petrol vehicles older than 15 years and diesel vehicles older than 10 years.

The decision comes amidst operational confusion, legal scrutiny, and growing public concern, especially following the temporary suspension of the ban just days after implementation, due to gaps in enforcement infrastructure and technology.

As CLAT 2026 aspirants preparing with the best online coaching for CLAT should note, this issue is a classic intersection of law, policy, environmental protection, and public interest litigation (PIL). It also links to constitutional debates on Article 21 (Right to Life) and reasonable restrictions on fundamental rights, making it highly relevant for the Legal Reasoning and Current Affairs sections of the CLAT exam.

 Why in News?

• On July 1, 2024, Delhi officially banned the refueling of ELVs—vehicles beyond 10 years (diesel) and 15 years (petrol)—within its geographical limits.
• However, on July 3, 2024, the Delhi Environment Ministry paused the implementation of this ban citing “operational and infrastructural challenges”.

• The pause comes after fuel stations denied fuel to many vehicle owners, leading to widespread confusion and long queues.
• The move is part of a larger effort by CAQM to curb vehicular pollution, which is a major contributor to Delhi’s deteriorating air quality.

 Point-wise Summary

1. What is Delhi’s fuel ban for old vehicles?

• As of July 1, Delhi fuel stations are not allowed to provide fuel to:
  • Petrol vehicles older than 15 years
  • Diesel vehicles older than 10 years
• This ban applies specifically to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) identified under CAQM orders.

2. Where does it apply?

• For now, the restriction covers Delhi’s fuel stations and is intended to be expanded to the entire NCR from April 1, 2026.
• This includes adjoining NCR districts in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

3. What are ELVs?

• ELVs (End-of-Life Vehicles) refer to old vehicles that have surpassed their registered life span under the Motor Vehicles Act.
• Petrol vehicles >15 years and diesel vehicles >10 years fall under this category in the NCR region.

4. Implementation issues

• The ban was paused two days after implementation because:
  • Delhi lacked a robust automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system.
  • Technology failed to identify ELVs accurately.
  • Issues with speakers, cameras, and enforcement mechanisms surfaced.
• According to CAQM, this led to unjustified denial of fuel to some eligible vehicles, creating public disruption.

5. How many vehicles are impacted?

• As per VAHAN database:
  • 42 lakh ELVs exist in NCR.
  • This includes 26.4 lakh two-wheelers, 4.6 lakh four-wheelers, and 1.6 lakh transport vehicles.
  • A breakdown:

• • • Haryana: 27.5 lakh
    • Uttar Pradesh: 12.4 lakh
    • Rajasthan: 6.1 lakh

6. Environmental rationale behind the ban

• The ban targets BS-IV and BS-VI emission norms.
• Older vehicles (BS-IV and earlier) emit:
  • 5.5x more nitrogen oxide (NOx)
  • 28% of PM2.5, 41% of SO2, and other harmful pollutants.
• According to CAQM, ELVs account for up to 80% of vehicular pollution despite being a small percentage of the total fleet.

7. Legal backing for the ban

• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2015 directed:
  • Vehicles >15 years (petrol) and >10 years (diesel) to be prohibited in NCR.
• The NGT’s directives were:
  • Repeatedly upheld by Supreme Court orders in 2018 and 2022.
• Last year, CAQM made the refueling ban mandatory within 180 days from notification.
• Under Section 39 of the Motor Vehicles Act, a registration certificate is valid only for a fixed period and must be renewed.
  • If expired, the vehicle is deemed “End-of-Life”.

8. Expert opinion on the ban

• Experts say the liquidation of ELVs is key to controlling pollution.
• However, logistical mismanagement and absence of a central verification system make the move immature and counterproductive if prematurely enforced.
• Environmental experts support the idea but demand better tech support.

9. Technological issues with enforcement

• Delhi’s ANPR cameras failed in:
  • Identifying ELVs accurately.
  • Differentiating new vehicles with high-security plates.
  • Communicating with fuel pump operators effectively.
• The lack of a unified backend database linking VAHAN data with enforcement systems led to misidentification.

10. Policy Takeaways

• Pollution control must be technologically backed, data-driven, and citizen-aware.
• The CAQM must ensure smooth transition, stakeholder training, and public outreach to prevent chaos.
• A single policy instrument is not sufficient; a multi-pronged approach including scrappage incentives, public transport enhancement, and regulatory clarity is necessary.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (Notes)

1. CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management): A statutory body set up to monitor and coordinate pollution control efforts in Delhi-NCR.
2. ELVs (End-of-Life Vehicles): Vehicles that have crossed the legal age limit for road use as per Motor Vehicles Act—15 years for petrol and 10 years for diesel in NCR.
3. BS-VI and BS-IV Norms: Bharat Stage Emission Standards are set by the Government of India to regulate emissions. BS-VI is the latest and cleanest standard.
4. PM2.5: Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, which enters the lungs and causes respiratory illnesses.
5. ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition): A surveillance technology used to automatically read vehicle number plates for enforcement.
6. NGT (National Green Tribunal): A special environmental court in India that deals with violations of environmental laws.

 Legal Framework Involved

1. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988:
   • Section 39 prohibits the use of a vehicle without registration.
   • Expired registration implies the vehicle is no longer legally operable.
2. Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1999:
   • Lays down the validity of registration.
   • Permits state governments to cancel registration of ELVs.
3. NGT Orders (2015, 2018):
   • Directed ban on diesel vehicles >10 years and petrol >15 years in NCR.
   • Upheld by the Supreme Court, giving it binding legal status.
4. CAQM Authority:
   • Empowered under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
   • Can issue binding directions related to air quality management.

3.It Will Take a City

CLAT 2026 | CLAT Gurukul Urban Policy & Economy Series | Authored Summary by India’s G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant

 Introduction

Urban India is at the crossroads of historic opportunity and immense challenges. As the nation charts its course towards becoming a $30+ trillion economy by 2047, the role of cities becomes not just important but indispensable. According to Amitabh Kant, India’s G20 Sherpa and former CEO of NITI Aayog, 15 key urban centres already contribute 30% of India’s GDP and can become the engines of accelerated economic transformation—if systemic constraints are addressed urgently.

These cities—Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Coimbatore, Noida/Greater Noida, Kochi, Gurugram, Vishakhapatnam, and Nagpur—will either power India’s ambition or remain its unrealized promise. Kant calls for sweeping reforms across governance, waste management, housing, internet access, mobility, climate resilience, and fiscal decentralization to unlock this urban potential.

This article is a must-read for CLAT 2026 aspirants as it blends themes from constitutional law, policy, governance, environment, infrastructure, and economics—the very topics that dominate CLAT’s Legal Reasoning and Current Affairs sections. Those preparing under the best online coaching for CLAT or other online coaching for CLAT must pay close attention to this urban reform framework.

 Why in News?

• Amitabh Kant has issued a clarion call for urban transformation in his opinion piece titled “It Will Take a City”, published in The Indian Express (July 5, 2025).
• It identifies 15 urban hubs as critical drivers of India’s $30-trillion economic vision by 2047.
• Kant outlines the multi-pronged reforms needed to overcome urban challenges: from housing shortages and poor infrastructure to waste management and decentralised governance.
• This article coincides with growing debates around urban planning, Smart Cities, and climate change adaptation, especially relevant for CLAT aspirants exploring Indian policy shifts.

 Point-wise Summary

1. Role of Cities in India’s Economy

• Just 15 cities contribute 30% of India’s GDP.
• These cities are key to achieving 1.5% extra growth annually to meet the $30 trillion economy target by 2047.
• But cities are plagued by issues like:
  • Air pollution
  • Urban flooding
  • Internet scarcity

•    Inadequate public transport
• • Poor solid waste disposal
  • Weak governance

2. Need for Urban Reforms

• The government must address:
  • Congestion
  • Housing deficits (10 million+ units)
  • Pollution
  • Inefficient municipal governance
• Informal colonies without proper water, drainage, and electricity are spreading.
• Only 25% of solid waste is scientifically treated.
• Most Indian cities lack digital mapping, smart transport, and resilient waste systems.

3. Recommendations for Transformation

• Density Incentives: Increase Floor Space Index (FSI) and Floor Area Ratio (FAR) to enable vertical growth.
• Rainwater Harvesting and Wastewater Reuse: Key to sustainable water supply.
• Public Transport: Metro systems, electric buses, and inter-modal integration are necessary to decongest roads.
• Digital Infrastructure: Expand 4G/5G coverage; reduce spectrum cost.
• Decentralised Governance: Empower municipal bodies with finance and autonomy.

4. Financial Reform and PPPs

• Municipal corporations generate <0.2% of GDP, far below global benchmarks.
• Empower cities to raise funds via:
  • Land Value Capture (LVC)
  • Property taxation
  • Municipal bonds
• Performance-based funding should replace blanket allocations.

5. Housing and Inclusion

• Affordable housing is vital to reduce slums and informal settlements.
• CII & Knight Frank estimate 31 million housing unit demand by 2030.
• Effective zoning and rental housing policy required.

 Smart Governance and Urban Planning

• India has just one urban planner for every 100,000 people, compared to developed nations with 5–10 per 100,000.
• Full implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment (1992) is still pending in many states.
• Urban local bodies must be digitally enabled, transparent, and citizen-responsive.

7. Global Comparisons and Missed Opportunities

• Unlike Bangkok, Singapore, London, or Dubai, Indian cities are not global investment destinations.
• Congestion makes Indian workers lose 15.2 hours weekly in traffic.
• Lack of high-quality urban experience is a barrier to attracting capital and talent.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. FSI (Floor Space Index): The ratio of a building’s total floor area to the size of the plot of land it is built on. Higher FSI allows taller buildings.
2. FAR (Floor Area Ratio): Similar to FSI, FAR regulates the total floor area permissible for construction.
3. Land Value Capture (LVC): A financing mechanism where the increase in land value due to public infrastructure is taxed to fund city development.
4. Smart Cities Mission: A flagship government initiative to improve 100 cities with smart infrastructure and governance.
5. 74th Constitutional Amendment: Passed in 1992, it mandates decentralised governance through elected Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) or municipalities.
6. Rainwater Harvesting: A water conservation method collecting and storing rainwater for reuse, reducing pressure on groundwater.
7. Property Tax Efficiency: Refers to how effectively urban bodies collect property taxes, which is currently abysmally low in India.

 Constitutional & Legal Framework

1. 74th Amendment Act (1992)

• Mandates the establishment of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
• Aims for democratic decentralisation, empowering local governments to make decisions.

1. Municipal Governance

• State governments retain control over finances and functions of city bodies.
• Most cities lack adequate personnel, planning power, and funding autonomy.

 Right to Housing

• Under Article 21 (Right to Life), the right to shelter is now a fundamental right as interpreted by Indian courts.

Housing shortages and slum proliferation raise serious constitutional concerns.

4.India Must Renegotiate the Indus Waters Treaty on Its Terms

A CLAT 2026 Insight | Water Diplomacy, Climate Change & International Law | CLAT Gurukul Exclusive

 Introduction

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan with the facilitation of the World Bank, is often hailed as one of the most successful examples of international water-sharing cooperation. However, in recent years, this treaty has come under scrutiny due to changing geopolitical realities, climate change-induced stress on water resources, and the persistent misuse and obstructions allegedly committed by Pakistan.

In a session conducted by The Indian Express Explained.Live, Uttam Kumar Sinha, a Senior Fellow at the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA), made a compelling case for India to renegotiate the IWT on terms aligned with its contemporary needs and national interest. He argued that while the treaty historically helped avoid direct water wars, its legal structure, implementation pattern, and inflexibility towards changing environmental and strategic realities now make it obsolete and even disadvantageous for India.

This article provides an in-depth summary, contextual analysis, and legal relevance of the discussion for aspirants preparing under the best online coaching for CLAT or any online coaching for CLAT, especially for the CLAT Current Affairs 2026 section.

 Why in News?

• Uttam Kumar Sinha, a senior analyst at MP-IDSA, recently argued that India should renegotiate the Indus Waters Treaty.
• The conversation highlighted issues of Pakistan’s misuse of treaty clauses, changing climate conditions, and the need for equitable water-sharing frameworks.
• The debate coincides with recent India-Pakistan tensions, ongoing hydrological changes in the Indus Basin, and increased global awareness of transboundary water law.

 Point-wise Summary

1. What is the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)?

• Signed in 1960 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President Ayub Khan of Pakistan with the World Bank’s mediation.
• Allocated:
  • Western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan
  • Eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India
• Allows India limited use of western rivers for non-consumptive uses (like hydropower generation, irrigation, etc.).
• Meant to promote peaceful cooperation amid partition-era hostilities.

2. Why is the Treaty Being Questioned Now?

• Outdated Framework: Designed in the Cold War era, it no longer reflects today’s realities—India was treated as the upper riparian but got only 20% of the basin’s water.
• Pakistan’s Hostile Behavior: Repeated misuse of provisions to stall Indian infrastructure projects, filing objections even when they lack merit.
• Climate Change: Altering river flows, glacial melt, monsoon patterns, and water demand call for an urgent update to the treaty framework.
• India’s Rise as a Water Power: India must secure strategic control over water resources to meet its domestic, agricultural, and energy demands.

3. Pakistan’s Misuse and Delay Tactics

• Uses treaty arbitration clause as a tool to delay Indian projects like Kishanganga and Ratle dams.
• Blocks bilateral discussions and insists on third-party arbitration, creating a precedent of externalizing bilateral issues.
• Politically portrays itself as a “victim” internationally while not adhering to technical or legal obligations in good faith.

4. Role of the World Bank

• Acted as a facilitator and neutral party to mediate and implement the treaty.
• Critics argue that the World Bank remains passive even as Pakistan misuses the treaty’s dispute resolution mechanism.
• The Bank’s bias during the initial framing is also questioned, as India’s share was significantly reduced, with little pushback.

5. Need to Renegotiate

• Water Security = National Security in the modern context.
• India must demand:
  • Reassessment of allocation ratio.
  • Inclusion of climate science, glacier melt data, and environmental impact assessments.
  • Removal of arbitration dependence and shift to bilateral resolution mechanisms.
  • Rights to storage, flood control, irrigation, and hydropower on western rivers without arbitrary objections.

6. Climate Change Impact

• Glaciers feeding the Indus basin are melting at accelerated rates.
• Monsoon unpredictability and extreme droughts/floods threaten water availability.
• Current treaty doesn’t account for climate adaptation mechanisms.

7. Regional Water Politics

• China controls major tributaries of Brahmaputra and Indus (from Tibet).
• Bangladesh, as a lower riparian, may complicate matters with India on eastern front.
• India must broaden its hydrodiplomacy and create a South Asian water-sharing model.

8. Legal Nature of the Treaty

• Treaties like the IWT are bilateral legal documents governed by international treaty law (Vienna Convention).
• However, there is legal scope for amendment, renegotiation, or even withdrawal, subject to conditions.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Upper Riparian/Lower Riparian: Countries situated upstream/downstream in a river basin. India is the upper riparian; Pakistan is the lower riparian in the Indus basin.
2. Arbitration Court (CoA): A third-party legal mechanism used to settle disputes under the IWT. Recently invoked by Pakistan against Indian hydroelectric projects.
3. “Keeping Treaty in Abeyance”: Temporarily freezing treaty obligations during renegotiation or conflict to avoid escalation without complete termination.
4. Climate-induced Hydrological Stress: Stress on water sources due to changing rainfall patterns, snowmelt, glacier retreat, and rising temperatures.
5. Hydrodiplomacy: The use of diplomatic negotiation tools for resolving disputes over water-sharing across borders.

1. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969): Governs the drafting, execution, and termination of treaties between nations.

 Legal and Constitutional Significance for India

1. Treaty Interpretation under Indian Law

• While treaties are not automatically enforceable in Indian courts, they influence legislative and administrative action.
• Indian courts have upheld the sovereignty of Parliament over treaty matters, but treaties are politically binding in the international sphere.

1. India’s Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

• Encourages promotion of international peace and cooperation but does not restrict India from renegotiating unfair treaties.

1. Article 253 – Parliament’s Power to Enforce Treaties

• Enables the Indian Parliament to make laws for implementing international treaties.

 Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

This article is particularly useful for:

Legal Reasoning Questions

• Should India continue to honor a treaty that hampers national development?
• Is climate change a valid legal ground to renegotiate treaties?
• What recourse does a country have under international law if a treaty becomes obsolete?

Current Affairs Questions

• Role of the World Bank in IWT
• Climate change impact on water treaties
• India’s response to transboundary water stress

Essay Topics

• Water as a Strategic Resource: The Case for Treaty Reform
• India-Pakistan Water Diplomacy and National Security
• Balancing Environmental Change and Legal Obligations in International Treaties

5.Sub Lieutenant Aastha Poonia – Breaking Barriers as the First Woman Navy Fighter Pilot

CLAT 2026 | Women in Armed Forces | Gender Inclusivity and Defence Affairs Special | CLAT Gurukul Exclusive

 Introduction

In a historic and inspirational milestone for gender inclusivity in India’s defence forces, Sub Lieutenant Aastha Poonia has become the first woman to be trained for the fighter stream of Naval Aviation. This landmark achievement represents a major leap in mainstreaming women into combat roles in one of the most elite domains of the Indian armed forces—fighter aviation.

The announcement came from the Indian Navy on July 4, 2025, during the graduation ceremony of the Second Basic Hawk Conversion Course held at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam. Sub Lt. Poonia, along with her batchmates, completed advanced flying training on the British-origin Hawk Mk 132 jet trainer, which forms a critical phase before pilots transition to high-speed fighter jets like the MiG-29K and the Rafale M that operate from India’s aircraft carriers.

This event is not only important from a national defence perspective but also symbolizes India’s continued journey toward equality, meritocracy, and opportunity in the armed forces. For CLAT 2026 aspirants, this topic blends elements from constitutional law (Article 15 and 16), gender justice, defence policy, international defence cooperation, and technological modernization—making it highly relevant for Legal Reasoning and Current Affairs sections.

 Why in News?

• Sub Lieutenant Aastha Poonia has become the first woman officer to be inducted into the fighter stream of Indian Naval Aviation.
• This announcement was made during the graduation ceremony of the Second Basic Hawk Conversion Course at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam, on July 4, 2025.
• Poonia received the prestigious ‘Wings of Gold’ from Rear Admiral Janak Bevli, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Air).
• The milestone reflects the Navy’s commitment to Shakti, opportunity, and inclusion, and aligns with its vision of gender-neutral combat roles.

  Point-wise Summary

1. Who is Sub Lt Aastha Poonia?

• Hails from Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
• Comes from a non-military background.
• Completed her BTech degree before being inducted into the Navy.
• Now qualified to be trained in Naval fighter aircraft such as MiG-29K and Rafale M.

2. What Does Her Achievement Signify?

• First Indian Navy woman streamed into the fighter stream.
• A significant step toward gender integration in combat roles in the Navy.
• Sets a precedent for future female fighter pilots in maritime forces.

3. Graduation Ceremony Context

• Held at INS Dega in Visakhapatnam.
• Marked the completion of the Second Basic Hawk Conversion Course.
• Other officers, including Lt. Shivam Dhull, were also awarded the ‘Wings of Gold’.
• The Hawk Mk 132 jet trainer is used for intermediate training before pilots move on to advanced fighter jets.

4. Aircraft Involved

• Training involves Hawk Mk 132, a British-origin advanced jet trainer.
• Naval fighter aircraft include:
  • MiG-29K – currently in use aboard INS Vikrant.
  • Rafale M – expected under the India-France Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) signed in April 2025.

5. Naval Aviation Fleet

• Aircraft carriers:
  • INS Vikrant
  • INS Vikramaditya
• MiG-29K is the mainstay carrier-based fighter.
• Rafale M acquisition expected to modernize India’s carrier strike capabilities.

 Gender Inclusivity Milestone

• Follows the earlier induction of women officers as pilots and observers in:
  • Helicopters
  • Reconnaissance aircraft
• Poonia’s achievement reflects the Navy’s institutional commitment to inclusivity and opportunity.

Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Naval Aviation: A branch of the Navy that deals with aircraft operations, both from land bases and aircraft carriers.
2. MiG-29K: A Russian-origin, carrier-capable multirole fighter aircraft currently deployed on Indian aircraft carriers.
3. Rafale M: The naval variant of the French-made Rafale fighter jet, capable of short takeoffs and landings from aircraft carriers.
4. INS Dega: Indian Navy air station in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, used for training and operational purposes.
5. Wings of Gold: A symbolic badge awarded to Navy pilots upon completing their aviation training.
6. Fighter Stream: A specialized aviation track where pilots operate high-speed combat aircraft for air superiority, strike, and defense missions.
7. Basic Hawk Conversion Course: A mid-level training program that prepares trainee pilots to operate frontline fighter aircraft.
8. India-France IGA: A formal government-to-government agreement signed for defence procurement; in this case, for 26 Rafale-M fighters for Indian Navy use.

 Legal and Constitutional Framework

1. Gender Equality in Armed Forces

1. Article 14: Ensures equality before law and equal protection of the law.
2. Article 15(1) & 15(3):
   • Prohibits discrimination based on sex.
   • Allows special provisions for women and children.
3. Article 16(1): Guarantees equal opportunity in public employment.

Recent Judgments:

• • Babita Punia Case (2020): Supreme Court directed that women be granted Permanent Commission in the Indian Army.
  • Indian Navy Case (2020): Delhi HC ordered the inclusion of women in Permanent Commission roles in the Navy too.

1. Defence Modernization

• Government initiatives such as:
  • Women in Combat Roles Policy
  • Agnipath Scheme
  • Self-Reliance in Defence Production

 Relevance for CLAT 2026 Aspirants

This event is a model case study for the following CLAT topics:

Legal Reasoning:

• Can constitutional equality override “operational efficiency” arguments in military settings?
• Is exclusion of women from combat roles legally tenable?

Current Affairs:

• Modernisation of defence forces
• Women’s empowerment in uniformed services
• Indo-French defence cooperation

Essay & Comprehension Topics:

• Women in Defence: Breaking Barriers
• Reforming India’s Armed Forces for Inclusivity

Carrier-Based Aviation and National Security

 6.The Dalai Lama’s Line: Reincarnation, China, and the Future of the Tibetan Movement

For CLAT 2026 | CLAT Gurukul Current Affairs | International Law & Human Rights Focus

 Introduction

As the Dalai Lama turns 90 on July 6, 2025, the celebrations at McLeodganj—the headquarters of the Tibetan government-in-exile—are more than just ceremonial. They are loaded with anxieties and symbolism, deeply entangled in the politics of reincarnation, exile, China’s dominance, and spiritual defiance. The Dalai Lama’s birthday is no longer merely a private or community event; it has become a significant global moment reflecting the intersection of religion, international law, political sovereignty, and human rights.

This year, the Dalai Lama issued a powerful statement reaffirming the Tibetan community’s spiritual and political autonomy, stressing that the decision regarding his reincarnation lies with the Tibetan people alone, not with the Chinese government. This assertion marks a profound resistance to Beijing’s efforts to control the reincarnation of Tibetan religious leaders, a move seen as part of China’s broader plan to subjugate Tibetan identity.

This article is essential reading for CLAT 2026 aspirants, especially those preparing under the best online coaching for CLAT or any high-level online coaching for CLAT, as it combines constitutional questions, international relations, human rights issues, and spiritual law—all rich material for legal reasoning and current affairs.

 Why in News?

• The 90th birthday of the 14th Dalai Lama is being marked in McLeodganj, Himachal Pradesh—home of the Tibetan government-in-exile.
• Celebrations are overshadowed by fears about:
  • Who will succeed the Dalai Lama?
  • Will China control the reincarnation process?
  • What is the political future of Tibet and its government-in-exile?
• The Dalai Lama’s July 4, 2025, statement asserted that:

“The decision on the future reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should be made by Tibetans and no one else.”

This public position has reignited the long-standing tension between China and the Tibetan spiritual-political movement.

 Point-Wise Summary

1. Location and Setting

• McLeodganj, in Himachal Pradesh, hosts the central Tibetan administration (CTA), often referred to as the Tibetan government-in-exile.
• Celebrations include rituals, spiritual gatherings, cultural performances, and political meetings focused on Tibet’s future.

2. Dalai Lama’s Statement

• The Dalai Lama reaffirmed that the authority to decide on his reincarnation lies solely with the Tibetan people and Buddhist spiritual traditions.
• Warned against any external interference, particularly from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

3. The Reincarnation Debate

• China has passed laws asserting that it will select the next Dalai Lama through state-controlled Buddhist bodies.
• The CTA and the global Tibetan diaspora reject this claim, calling it a violation of religious freedom and Tibetan spiritual sovereignty.

4. India’s Role

• India has provided asylum to the Dalai Lama since 1959.
• McLeodganj has become a symbolic capital for global Tibetan aspirations.
• India balances support for Tibetan cultural freedom with diplomatic sensitivities with China.

5. Inside Tsuglagkhang Complex

• The main temple in McLeodganj, where the Dalai Lama gives teachings and presides over ceremonies.
• This year, monks and lay people gathered in preparation for his 90th birthday.
• Anxieties are high regarding what will happen post-Dalai Lama, especially given his advanced age.

6. China’s Influence

• China maintains strict control over Tibetan religious institutions inside Tibet.
• Beijing’s “Management Measures for Tibetan Buddhist Reincarnation” (2007) aims to institutionalize state control over spiritual succession.
• China accuses the Dalai Lama of being a separatist; meanwhile, the Dalai Lama has shifted to a “Middle Way Approach”, seeking genuine autonomy rather than full independence.

7. Legacy and the Future

• The Dalai Lama is viewed globally as a symbol of:
  • Non-violence
  • Human rights
  • Inter-faith dialogue
• The succession process will likely be the most politically charged religious event in decades.
• The CTA warns that a “Chinese-appointed Dalai Lama” will not be accepted by Tibetans.

8. CTA and Political Structure

• The Central Tibetan Administration is a democratically elected government-in-exile.
• Dr. Lobzang Sangay, former CTA President, has vocally rejected China’s claims.
• The CTA insists it has popular legitimacy among Tibetans worldwide, even if no country formally recognizes it.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Dalai Lama: The spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, believed to be the reincarnation of a line of enlightened beings.
2. Reincarnation Process (Tulkus): In Tibetan Buddhism, lamas reincarnate after death. The new incarnation is identified through rituals, visions, and signs.
3. McLeodganj: A town in Himachal Pradesh that houses the Tibetan government-in-exile since the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959.
4. CTA (Central Tibetan Administration): The administrative and political body representing Tibetans in exile.
5. Middle Way Approach: A policy proposed by the Dalai Lama that seeks autonomy within China, not complete independence.
6. State Reincarnation Law (China, 2007): Legislation mandating that all reincarnations of Tibetan Buddhist leaders must be approved by China’s state authorities.
7. Tibetan Uprising (1959): The uprising against Chinese occupation that forced the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetans into exile in India.

 Legal, Political & Human Rights Implications

1. Freedom of Religion

• The UN Declaration on Human Rights (Article 18) and Indian Constitution (Article 25) protect religious freedom.
• China’s attempts to control Tibetan reincarnation violate both international and traditional religious practices.

1. India’s Position

• India hosts the Dalai Lama but officially acknowledges Tibet as a part of China.
• It supports cultural freedom of Tibetans but avoids direct political endorsement of the CTA, maintaining delicate diplomacy.

1. International Law

• Tibet was de facto independent until 1950, when the People’s Liberation Army invaded.
• Legal scholars argue about Tibet’s status under international law, but no country formally recognizes Tibet as independent now.

1. Chinese Claims

• China asserts it is the sole authority on Tibetan affairs, including religious succession.

This places the future of Tibetan Buddhism in a politically hostile framework.

7.Ham Radio  – The Unsung Lifeline of Space and Emergency Communication

For CLAT 2026 | CLAT Gurukul Special Series | Legal, Technological & Emergency Relevance

 Introduction

In an inspiring example of technological simplicity meeting advanced scientific ambition, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla, currently stationed aboard the International Space Station (ISS), interacted with Indian students using a Ham radio on July 4, 2025. The event was organised by the UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), part of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

This fascinating incident underscores the enduring relevance of Ham radio, also known as amateur radio, in facilitating personal, educational, and emergency communications—even in space. With all the high-end communication technologies of the 21st century, it may surprise many that a licensed, manually operated shortwave radio is still widely used in space research and disaster response.

This development is not just a human-interest story—it has legal, regulatory, and constitutional significance, especially for CLAT aspirants. It raises questions related to the allocation of radio frequencies, international cooperation in communication, and freedom of speech under Indian and international law.

This article will provide a detailed summary and legal-technological perspective for students preparing with the best online coaching for CLAT or through any structured online coaching for CLAT under the Current Affairs 2026 module.

 Why in News?

• On July 4, 2025, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla, currently on the International Space Station (ISS), interacted with students via Ham radio.
• The event was conducted by URSC (UR Rao Satellite Centre), Bengaluru, under ISRO.
• This highlighted the continued global use of Ham radio for educational outreach, emergency communication, and space coordination.
• It also generated curiosity about Ham radio’s legal framework and technical workings, especially as a backup communication system in disaster scenarios.

 Point-wise Summary

1. What is Ham Radio?

• Also known as Amateur Radio, it is a licensed radio communication system.
• It uses radio frequency (RF) bands allocated by national governments for:
  • Personal communication
  • Recreational use

• • Educational purposes
  • Emergency communication
  • Space-to-ground interaction

2. How does it work?

• Communication happens between licensed Ham radio operators.
• The connection can be:
  • Local
  • Long-distance (global)
  • Satellite-based (e.g., with ISS)
• No Internet or mobile network is needed.

3. Legal Regulation in India

• The system is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Licenses are issued under the Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978.
• Any individual above 12 years of age can apply for a Ham radio license in India.
• The exam includes tests on:
  • Electronics
  • Morse Code
  • Radio operation protocols

4. Origin of the Term “Ham”

• The term “Ham” originated as a derogatory term in early 20th-century telephone circles, meaning someone with poor or clumsy communication skills.
• Over time, amateur radio enthusiasts adopted and embraced the term.
• Now it symbolizes non-commercial radio hobbyists who operate independently of government or corporate networks.

5. Space Application

• Ham radio has been used in space since NASA’s Space Shuttle STS-9 mission in 1983.
• It was formalized under the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) program.
• Enables:
  • Direct communication with astronauts
  • Student education
  • Backup during main communication failure

6. Shubhanshu Shukla’s Event

• The interaction was a part of a NASA and ISRO educational outreach initiative.
• It was a 3-minute window during which Ham radio linked Earth to the ISS.
• Students asked questions; the astronaut responded using real-time radio transmission.

7. Emergency Relevance

• Ham radio is used when all modern systems fail:
  • During natural disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, and floods.
  • During power outages and war-like conditions.
• In India, Ham radio was critical in:
  • The 2001 Bhuj Earthquake
  • The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
  • The 2013 Uttarakhand floods

8. Legal Utility in Emergencies

• In times of national crisis, the government can activate amateur radio operators to assist in relief and rescue missions.
• Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, and Disaster Management Act, 2005 empower this.

9. International Significance

• Ham radio operators often communicate across borders.
• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) under the UN governs international frequencies and protocols.
• This ensures interoperability and prevents frequency interference.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Ham Radio: Licensed radio communication that operates over high-frequency (HF) bands, primarily for non-commercial use.
2. ISS (International Space Station): A multinational research laboratory in low Earth orbit used for space experiments and scientific collaboration.
3. URSC (UR Rao Satellite Centre): A part of ISRO focused on satellite development and space science projects.
4. ARISS (Amateur Radio on the ISS): An international initiative that enables students and Ham operators to talk to astronauts aboard the ISS using radio waves.
5. ITU (International Telecommunication Union): A UN body that coordinates the global use of radio spectrum and satellite orbits.

Legal and Constitutional Framework

1. Domestic Law

1. Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978:
   • Provides eligibility, licensing, and frequency allocation for amateur radio operation.
2. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885:
   • Governs the usage of telecommunication channels, including Ham radio.
3. Disaster Management Act, 2005:
   • Enables government to requisition private communication tools, including Ham networks, for disaster relief.
4. Article 19(1)(a) – Freedom of Speech:
   • Ham radio can be seen as an extension of this right when used for educational and community communication, though it remains regulated and licensed.

1. International Law

1. Radio Regulations by ITU:
   • Allocate specific frequency bands for amateur use.
   • Ensure cross-border interference avoidance and technical compatibility.
2. ITU Constitution:

Emphasizes the “peaceful use of telecommunications”, which includes Ham operations during peace, space exploration, and disaster relief

8.special revision of electoral rolls in Bihar

 Introduction

In a significant development, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has undertaken a special revision of electoral rolls in Bihar. The directive, issued on June 24, 2024, mandates that any person whose name is not recorded in the 2003 Electoral Rolls must now submit at least one document from a list of 11 specified documents to establish their eligibility to vote. This is not merely an administrative exercise; it is a deeply political and constitutional issue, especially considering Bihar’s social composition, migrant population, and historical exclusions from electoral processes.

This article from The Indian Express provides a crucial breakdown of the challenges, limitations, and legal framework surrounding this requirement. It also highlights the exclusion risks for vulnerable sections of society, especially in a state like Bihar with its high migration rate and low documentation coverage.

This detailed summary is intended to aid CLAT 2026 aspirants, especially those preparing with the best online coaching for CLAT, in understanding the legal, social, and constitutional nuances of this issue. This will be of great value for the Legal Reasoning, Current Affairs, and Constitutional Law sections of the CLAT exam.

 Why in News?

• The Election Commission (EC) of India announced a special revision of electoral rolls in Bihar on June 24, 2024.
• As part of this process, individuals not listed in the 2003 electoral rolls (estimated at 2.93 crore people) must submit one of 11 documents to establish voting eligibility.
• This move sparked widespread debate over the exclusion risks for marginalized groups and the difficulties in acquiring even a single valid document.
• The issue has gained national attention as it raises constitutional questions around voting rights, proof of identity, and inclusion.

 Point-Wise Summary

1. Core Requirement:
   • Any individual in Bihar not listed in the 2003 Electoral Rolls must submit at least one out of 11 documents listed by the EC to prove eligibility to vote.
2. Scale of Impact:
   • Approximately 2.93 crore individuals are estimated to fall into this category.
   • The requirement may disproportionately affect migrants, young citizens, and the poor who may lack formal documentation.

1. Legal Justification:
   • The EC cites Section 14 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 to authorize this revision.
   • Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) are empowered to verify the eligibility of applicants and demand documents as needed.
2. Administrative Control:
   • EROs must be “satisfied” with the application and documents; the EC cannot limit the documents an ERO can ask for.
3. Key Concern:
   • Many of the 11 listed documents are difficult to obtain, especially for people from marginalized or rural backgrounds.
   • The risk of exclusion is high due to lack of awareness, literacy, and access to government services.
4. Example of Limitation:
   • Aadhaar or pension payments received for non-regular employment will not count toward eligibility unless tied to a government employer.
   • This excludes large sections of informal labor and rural pensioners.
5. Caste Census Data Used:
   • The Bihar Caste Survey 2022 data reveals that just 1.57% of the state’s population is employed in regular government service—indicating how narrow the eligible pool might be.
6. Social Realities vs. Legal Criteria:
   • Given Bihar’s socio-economic landscape, the 11-document criterion could be inherently exclusionary and lead to mass disenfranchisement.

 Explanation of Peculiar Terms (NOTES)

1. Electoral Roll: A list maintained by the Election Commission that contains the names of individuals eligible to vote in a specific constituency.
2. Electoral Registration Officer (ERO): An official appointed to supervise the preparation and revision of electoral rolls in a constituency.
3. Representation of the People Act, 1950: The law that governs the conduct of elections and the registration of voters in India.
4. Special Revision of Electoral Roll: A periodic process carried out to update the voter list by adding new eligible voters and removing ineligible ones.
5. Foreign Migration: Movement of individuals out of India to settle permanently or temporarily in another country.

1. Regular Employment (Govt): Employment in a recognized permanent post within a central or state government institution, as opposed to contractual or informal work.

 Implications and Legal Concerns

1. Constitutional Right to Vote

• Article 326 of the Indian Constitution grants the right to vote to every citizen above 18 years of age.
• This cannot be arbitrarily restricted by overly burdensome documentation requirements.
• The EC’s 11-document rule could amount to a de facto disenfranchisement of poor and marginalized communities.

1. Doctrine of Reasonable Classification

• The doctrine allows the state to classify people into groups for the purpose of law, provided it is not arbitrary.
• In this case, denying voting rights to people not listed in 2003 rolls may violate Article 14 (Right to Equality).

1. Procedural Hurdles

• Most citizens in rural Bihar do not possess documents like property ownership certificates, regular employment proof, or registered rent agreements.
• Accessing these documents requires navigating bureaucratic hurdles, which may not be possible for all.

1. Migrant Workers at Risk

• A large number of Biharis work outside the state in informal jobs.
• Their absence from the 2003 rolls may be due to migration, not disqualification.
• They now face the risk of permanent exclusion from voting rights in their native state.

 The 11 Documents Listed by EC (As Per Report)

While the full list isn’t completely shown in the article image, the document shown (pension identity card linked to regular govt. employment) is rejected if not tied to formal govt. employment.

It implies that:

• Documents like employment records from informal sectors, non-registered rent agreements, or voter ID cards from other states may not be accepted.
• Only formal, institutionally recognized documents linked to the government are valid.

 Socio-Economic Fallout

1. Bihar’s unique demography:
   • A majority of the population lacks institutional access.
   • Most people are engaged in agriculture, daily wage work, or small businesses.
2. Documentation gap:
   • Widespread lack of registered property, regular income, and institutional employment creates a documentation vacuum.
3. Trust deficit:
   • The historically marginalized groups already have limited faith in state systems.
   • This new rule could deepen that divide.

 Relevance for CLAT Aspirants

For CLAT 2026 students, this issue is a prime example of how law intersects with society and policy.

Key Learning Points:

• Application of constitutional rights like equality and adult suffrage.
• Understanding administrative law and powers of statutory bodies like the EC.
• Use of socio-economic data (like caste surveys) in electoral processes.

Role of public interest litigation (PIL) and legal aid in protecting voting rights.